Vipassana Aspects of Paticcasamuppada               There are seven ways of looking at the law of Dependent Origination: as to links and connections, period and times, etc. Here, only a few will be discussed.             1.Modes or qualities (see Figure 1-4)             a) There are twenty elements in this breakdown. Five causes from past existence: Ignorance (avijjha ha), Kamma Formation (Sankhara), craving (Tanha), clinging (Upadana), Process of Existence or becoming (Bhava).             b) Five results in the present:Consciousness (Vinnana), Mental and Physical existence (nama and rupa), Six Sense Bases (Salayatana), contact (Phassa), Feeling (Vedana).             c) Five causes in the present: Tanha, Uppadana, Bhava, avijjha, and Sankhara.             d)Five results in the future: Vinnana, Nama-rupa, Ayatana, Phassa, Vedana. (Refers to rebirth, decay, and death. Fig. 1-4). Notes (see Figure 1-4)             a) In the past there were five causes that determined our present existence (bhava). avijjha (1), the root cause, results because we fail to realize supramundane wisdom (lokuttara). Through this ignorance, living in the mundane (lokiya), we create kamma; both bad and good, called kamma formations (sankhara) (2). For example, if we practice samattha to reach jhana we are in lokiya creating sankhara (even though it is good), and this leads to tanha (8).             When tanha becomes stronger, it changes to uppadana (9): When we want something it is tanha, but when we possess it, it becomes clinging. This clinging leads to becoming (bhava) (10). There are two kinds of bhava: kamma-bhava, active process of becoming (past life), and Uppati-bhava, the rebirth process. Kamma-bhava is kusala or akusala, and determines the future. Uppati-bhava is the process that carries out the destiny of the new becoming, which was determined by kamma-bhava.             Each of the five nidanas (links) from the past are paccaya to the next one, and the result the becomes paccaya to the next.             Bhava implies the creation of kamma, because in any becoming (bhava) we are living in samsara. The law of sabhava- dhamma, which is paticcasamuppada, is that when you do any kamma you receive that kamma -and nobody can escape this, or change the result. This is the law of nature that brings about justice.             b) These five results from the past existence, in the present represent qualities that one has when born into a becoming as a human being.             c) Five cause in the present. The fifth result in the present (feeling) leads to the first cause in the present (craving), which leads to clinging, bhava (existence), and then to ignorance and kamma-formations (8,9,10,1,2). The bhava here is upati-bhava,which determines the new life.This bhava leads to Ignorance, because one doesn't realize the Four Noble Truths. This creates kamma (bad and good) again, which becomes Sankhara (Kamma-Formations).             Sankhara (Kamma-Formations), in this group, is when you are doing kusula or akusula actions.             Bhava (becoming), in this group, means the kamma is finished.             d) Five results in the future             Sankhara is the paccaya for rebirth consciousness (patisandhi - vinnana). The next four are nama and rupa, in the present existence. These five make a total of 20 modes. These 20 modes are like a wheel, that has no beginning or end. But the Lord Buddha knew that the chief cause (root) was avijjha (ignorance).